Adnexal masses or perineural [tarlov] cysts? Differentiation by imaging techniques: a case report

Background: Perineural cysts formed within the nerve-root sheath at the dorsal root ganglion. They are most commonly located in the arachnoid covering the junction of the dorsal ganglion and nerve root. They are usually asymptomatic, incidental findings, usually located in the lumbar and sacral region of the spinal canal. It is important to consolidate the imaging findings of this rare disease so clinicians can become more clinically relevant in the evaluation of these cysts

Case: Herein we report a case of perineural cyst misdiagnosed with hydrosalpinx by pelvic ultrasonography and finally diagnosed with magnetic resonance image

Conclusion: Perineural cyst should be considered, in the presence of bilateral adnexal masses separated from the ovaries in pelvic sonography

Sonographic findings in partial type of trisomy 18

Trisomy 18 [Edwards syndrome] is the second most common trisomy among live born fetuses, with poor prognosis. Estimate of its incidence is between 1 in 4000- 16000 live births. Most of the chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses are detected by prenatal ultrasound findings in the first and second trimesters. In this case report, we present a partial type of trisomy 18 occurring through de novo unbalanced translocation of chromosomes 18 and 21. The ultrasound features enabling the early detection of trisomy 18 include a delayed ossification of calvarium combined with early onset of fetal growth restriction [FGR] and the absence of nasal bone through performing triple test followed by amniocentesis. Finally, the parents decided to terminate the pregnancy

Comparison of two dimensional and live three dimensional ultrasounds for the diagnosis of septated uterus

Background: Traditionally, septate uterus was diagnosed with invasive method like hysterosalpingography and hysteroscopy. Nowadays transvaginal ultrasonography was reported to be a sensitive tool for detection of septate uterus too

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the application of two dimensional ultrasound [2-DUS] and real time three dimensional ultrasound [3-DUS] in differentiating various type of septated uterus. Hysteroscopy confirmation was assigned as the gold standard

Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was performed among 215 infertile women with suspected septate uterus from October 2008 to July 2012. An inclusion criterion was septated uterus based on HSG or experiencing abortion, preterm labor, or recurrent IVF failure. Fusion anomalies were excluded from the study [unicornuate, bicornuate and didelphys anomalies]. The results of 3D and 2D sonographies were compared, while they were confirmed by hysteroscopy result in detection of septated uterus. Kappa index for agreement between 2DUS and hysteroscopy, as well as 3-DUS and hysteroscopy in detection of septate uterus was carried out. By receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve, cut off points for predicting the kind of anomalies were proposed

Results: The women were evaluated by 2-DUS [n=89] and [II] 3-DUS [n=126]. All women underwent hysteroscopy, following 2-DUS and 3-DUS at the same or subsequent cycle. The results of kappa [K] index were 0.575 and 0.291 for 3-DUS and hysteroscopy, as well as 2-DUS and hysteroscopy, respectively. Also, the cutoff points were 27% for arcuate and subseptate, and 35% for differentiating septate and subseptate

Conclusion: Real time 3-DUS has better ability for visualization both uterine cavity and the fundal uterine, so it has higher agreement in detection of septate uterus than 2-DUS

Various hysterosalpingography findings of female genital tuberculosis: a case series

Genital tuberculosis is a chorionic disease and mostly occurs by haematogenous spread from extra genital source like lungs, peritoneum, lymph nodes and bones. Transmission through a sexual intercourse is also possible. Since the majority of patients are in reproductive ages, involvement of fallopian tubes and endometrium cause infertility in patients. Reviewing 4 cases of female genital tuberculosis, which referred to an infertility treatment center with various symptoms, we encountered various appearances on hysterosalpingography [HSG]. The genitourinary tract is the most common site of extra pulmonary TB. The primary focus of genital tuberculosis is fallopian tubes, which are almost always affected bilaterally but not symmetrically. Because of common involvement of fallopian tubes and endometrial cavity, disease causes infertility. Diagnosis is not easy because genital tuberculosis has a wide range of clinical and radiological manifestations with slow growing symptoms. Detailed hysterosalpingography finding may be helpful in better diagnosis of the disease. This case series aims to depict the various hystrosalpingographic appearances and pathology produced by tuberculosis and related literatures are reviewed in order to establish a better diagnostic evaluation of genital tuberculosis

Incomplete cesarean scar rupture

Uterine rupture at the site of a previous cesarean scar is an uncommon but catastrophic complication of pregnancy, which is associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. A 30-year old woman at 24th week of gestation and complaint of pain, contractions and spotting was admitted in Royan Institute in Tehran, Iran. She had a past medical history of an EP and a cesarean section delivery, respectively 4 and 2 years before hospitalization. Herniation of an amniotic membrane into the maternal bladder was found on ultrasound examination. Risk factors of cesarean scar rupture should be considered in women undergoing subsequent pregnancies as they need extra care. Ultrasonography can be used to evaluate women with previous cesarean section to assess the risks of scar rupture during subsequent pregnancies